Carotid Cavernous Fistula

CCF are arteriovenous shunts that abnormally arterialize the cavernous sinus. CCF are divided into direct, or a connection from the ICA into the cavernous sinus, most typically from a ruptured aneurysm or trauma, and indirect, which are essentially dural fistulae of the cavernous sinus wall. Treatment is directed toward the specific subtype and is overwhelmingly endovascular in the modern era. Most CCF can be safely and effectively managed through endovascular therapy.