Super-resolution deep learning reconstruction approach for enhanced visualization in lumbar spine MR bone imaging

Objectives: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of super-resolution deep-learning-based reconstruction (SRDLR), which leverages k-space data, on the image quality of lumbar spine magnetic resonance (MR) bone imaging using a 3D multi-echo in-phase sequence. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, 29 patients who underwent lumbar spine MRI, including an MR bone imaging sequence between January and April 2023, were analyzed. Images were reconstructed with and without SR-DLR (Matrix sizes: 960 x 960 and 320 x 320, respectively). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the vertebral body and spinal canal and the contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the vertebral body and spinal canal were quantitatively evaluated. Furthermore, the slope at half-peak points of the profile curve drawn across the posterior border of the vertebral body was calculated. Two radiologists independently assessed image noise, contrast, artifacts, sharpness, and overall image quality of both image types using a 4-point scale. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using weighted kappa coefficients, and quantitative and qualitative scores were compared via the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: SNRs of the vertebral body and spinal canal were notably improved in images with SR-DLR (p < 0.001). Contrast and CNR were significantly enhanced with SR-DLR compared to those without SR-DLR (p = 0.023 and p = 0.022, respectively). The slope of the profile curve at half-peak points across the posterior border of the vertebral body and spinal canal was markedly higher with SR-DLR (p < 0.001). Qualitative scores (noise: p < 0.001, contrast: p < 0.001, artifact p = 0.042, sharpness: p < 0.001, overall image quality: p < 0.001) were superior in images with SR-DLR compared to those without. Kappa analysis indicated moderate to good agreement (noise: kappa = 0.56, contrast: kappa = 0.51, artifact: kappa = 0.46, sharpness: kappa = 0.76, overall image quality: kappa = 0.44). Conclusion: SR-DLR, which is based on k-space data, has the potential to enhance the image quality of lumbar spine MR bone imaging utilizing a 3D gradient echo in-phase sequence. Clinical relevance statement: The application of SR-DLR can lead to improvements in lumbar spine MR bone imaging quality.