Mitigating the extinction risk of globally threatened and endemic mountainous Orthoptera species: Parnassiana parnassica and Oropodisma parnassica

<p style="border:0px; display:block; height:0px; left:-9999px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; margin-top:0px; opacity:0; overflow:hidden; padding:0px; position:absolute; top:0px; width:0px"> Orthoptera species are vulnerable to extinction on a global scale. Greece hosts 35% (380 species) of the European Orthoptera fauna with a high degree of endemic (37%) and threatened species (37%). We sampled 46 plots (100 m(2)) to investigate the distribution and ecological requirement of two Greek mountain endemic and red-listed species: Parnassiana parnassica (Ramme, 1926; Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Critically Endangered [CR]) and Oropodisma parnassica (Scudder, 1897; Orthoptera: Caelifera; Endangered [EN]). Species had a restricted geographical range, with two isolated populations confined to high altitudes (1527-2320 m) of Mts. Parnassos and Elikonas. Species distribution models showed that slope affected their suitable habitat, together with the topographic position index and the annual temperature range (P. parnassica), and the amount of green vegetation and evapotranspiration (O. parnassica). Connectivity analysis showed that P. parnassica-suitable habitat consisted of few larger and well-connected patches (26 patches: effective mesh size of 1.57 km(2)) and that O. parnassica-suitable habitat consisted of more but smaller and less connected patches (56 patches: effective mesh size of 0.3 km(2)). Generalised linear models showed that the population density of P. parnassica was negatively influenced by the height of herbaceous vegetation and that of O. parnassica was positively influenced by altitude. The species face three main imminent threats: land take, wildfires and global warming, whereas livestock grazing seems to have a positive impact and skiing a neutral impact on their populations. We assessed both species as EN after International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria and a suite of conservation measures are suggested for their status improvement. <p style="border:0px; display:block; height:0px; left:-9999px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; margin-top:0px; opacity:0; overflow:hidden; padding:0px; position:absolute; top:0px; width:0px">