Harboring change: Exploring the multifaceted and complex determinants of decarbonizing ports

This study explores port decarbonisation as more than just a technological challenge, highlighting other key determinants often overlooked in the literature. The main aim is to identify these determinants and assess the extent of port decarbonisation implementation worldwide. Using the implementation and diffusion of innovation theories, seven determinants were identified: policy and management tools, governance, managerial attitudes, interorganizational relationships, capacities and economic conditions, complexity and size, while additional controls related to port ownership and container specialisation were also considered. Data from 223 global ports were analyzed using multiple regression, and the findings confirm the importance of these determinants, revealing that while ports have knowledge and plans, their implementation of decarbonisation measures remains limited. Most ports are still in the early stages, showing significant gaps in achieving decarbonisation targets, which indicates a need for a more systematic approach. This study provides valuable insights for port managers and policymakers, helping them understand the factors that facilitate or hinder decarbonisation efforts, while offering guidance on prioritizing actions, making informed decisions, and developing effective strategies. By being the first to address port decarbonisation through this lens, the study extends the application of implementation and diffusion of innovation theories, and its findings contribute to advancing port decarbonisation by identifying key determinants and offering a clearer path toward successful implementation.