Risk factors for adverse events after clavicle fracture open reduction and internal fixation: A NSQIP study

Background: Midshaft clavicle fractures are often subject to increased complications when treated non- operatively, so surgical treatment with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is a favored alternative. Despite safer outcomes, adverse events such as surgical site infections may still persist, particularly in the presence of certain patient characteristics. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for and the frequency of adverse events following ORIF for clavicle fractures. Methods: A retrospective review of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database from 2012 to 2021 identified patients undergoing isolated ORIF for clavicle fractures. Patient demographics and 30- day complications were collected. Bivariate analyses with a student's t-test or chi-square test were used to identify possible predictor variables for either AAE or SSI, and demographic metrics with P < 0.2 were included in a multivariable regression model. Multivariable analyses identified significant independent patient risk factors for any adverse event (AAE) or SSI within 30-days of surgery. Adjusted odds ratios were reported for each variable included in the model. Statistical significance was set a prior at P < 0.05. Results: The 6,753 selected patients who underwent ORIF for clavicle fractures between 2012 and 2021 were 38.1 +/- 15.3 years of age, BMI 26.2 +/- 4.9 kg m-12 , and 77.3 % male. Of this cohort, 88.4 % received treatment on an outpatient basis. Postoperative adverse events were experienced by 128 (1.9 %) patients within 30 days of surgery, and SSI were prevalent in 0.77 % of patients, followed by wound dehiscence in 0.12 % of patients. After controlling for patient demographics and comorbidities, notable risk factors for adverse events included current smoking status (OR=2.036; =2.036; P <0.001) and patient age (OR=1.025; =1.025; P < 0.001). Outpatient status (OR=0.528; =0.528; P = 0.004) was protective. Conclusion: The present study noted significantly increased risk of postoperative adverse events in older patients, as well as patients who smoke. Outpatient setting was significantly protective for adverse events. These findings help to provide further clinical context to guide surgical decision making and inform surgeons on current risks and outcomes.