Advances in electrochemical biosensors employing carbon-based electrodes for detection of biomarkers in diabetes mellitus

Background and purpose:The increase in diabetes cases has become a major concern in the healthcare sector, necessitating the development of efficient and minimal diagnostic methods. This studyaims to provide a comprehensive examination of electrochemical biosensors for detecting diabetes mellitus biomarkers, with a special focus on the utilization of carbon-based electrodes. Review approach:A detailed analysis of electrochemical biosensors incorporating various carbon electrodes, including screen-printedcarbon electrodes, glassy carbon electrodes, and carbon paste electrodes, is presented. The advantages of carbon-based electrodes in biosensor design are highlighted. The review covers the detection of several key diabetes biomarkers,such as glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glycated human serum albumin (GHSA), insulin, and novel biomarkers. Key results:Recent developments in electrochemical biosensor technology over the last decadeare summarized, emphasizing their potential in clinical applications, particularly in point-of-care settings. The utilization of carbon-based electrodes in biosensors is shown to offer significant advantages, including enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. Conclusion:This review underscores the importance of carbon-based electrodes in the design of electrochemical biosensors and raises awareness for the detection of novel biomarkers for more specific and personalized diabetes mellitus cases. The advancements in this field highlight the potential of these biosensors in future clinical applications, especially in point-of-care diagnostics