Association of electronic-cigarette, number of cigarettes, and marijuana use with high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among men and women: A cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample

Background: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of HPV infection. However, the use of e-cigarettes and marijuana, number of cigarettes, and serum cotinine concentrations in relation with HPV (6, 11, 16, 18) and high-risk HPV (16 or 18) infections in underserved and understudied populations remain poorly understood. Methods: Data included 687 males and 664 females among whom 489 were White, 375 were Black and 342 were Hispanics from the NHANES 2013-2016 with HPV and high-risk HPV infections. Smoking history included current and past smokers, number of cigarettes, use of e-cigarettes, marijuana, and serum cotinine levels. Weighted multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were conducted. Results: High-risk HPV infection was associated with current smoking history plus >= 20 cigarettes/day (OR=1.92, =1.92, 95 % CI=1.09, =1.09, 3.37) in the overall population. E-cigarettes use (5 days) was positively associated with high-risk HPV infection (OR=2.43, =2.43, 95 % CI=1.13, =1.13, 5.22) in the overall population, with similar findings with e-cigarette (past 30 days) among women and Whites. Conclusion: High number of cigarettes, e-cigarette usage and marijuana were associated with HPV and high-risk HPV infections in the overall population. Most of these associations remained significant when stratified by gender and race/ethnicity. Increasing use of e-cigarettes and marijuana in these population warrants further investigation for the prevention of HPV infection and related cancers.