Analysis of flow and heat transfer in bend pipe with different smoothing

This research employs a numerical approach to comprehensively analyze fluid flow and forced convection heat transfer phenomena within a bent pipe. The finite difference method obtains numerical results, and simulations are conducted across a Reynolds number range of 100 <= Re <= 800, at constant Prandtl number (Pr = 1). The study explores three inclination angles (phi=30 degrees 45 degrees 70 degrees) and incorporates three smoothing phases of the bending angles. The results are presented through streamline and isotherm and local Nusselt numbers. Notably, vortices near the pipe bend positively correlate with Reynolds number and inclination angle, enhancing heat transfer. At the same time, an inverse relationship is observed between vortex length and bend smoothness. Furthermore, higher local Nusselt numbers are identified at elevated inclination angles, and Reynolds numbers are on the wall bend in the channel. Overall, this investigation underscores the significant influence of inclination angle on heat transfer characteristics, providing valuable insights for applications in thermal engineering and fluid dynamics.