Thermal management strategies for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: Fundamentals, recent advances, thermal models, and cooling techniques

This article offers a complete analysis of recent developments and problems in the cooling applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). The initial portion explores the several types of LIBs, classifying them based on shape, size, storage duration, and different chemistries. Additionally, the article discusses current growth patterns and emerging trends in LIB technology to provide a contextual understanding of the topic. The following section focuses on the thermal challenges faced by LIBs, encompassing concerns related to extreme temperature conditions, aging effects, and associated risks. These issues highlight the critical necessity for effective thermal management strategies in EV battery systems. In the third section, a variety of thermal models of LIBs are inspected, which include thermal abuse models, EC models, empirical models, semiempirical models, and electrical models. Grasping these models is crucial for accurately forecasting battery behavior under different operating conditions and optimizing cooling strategies. The review outlines techniques for mitigating battery thermal problems, emphasizing approaches such as air, liquid, phase change material, heat pipe, and Hybrid Cooling Systems (HCSs). These techniques present promising solutions for regulating BT, enhancing performance, and extending the lifespan of LIBs in EVs. In general, this review provides valuable insights into the multifaceted landscape of LIB cooling applications, identifying key challenges, and proposing innovative strategies to address them in the context of EV technology.