T cell anergy, exhaustion, senescence, and stemness in the tumor microenvironment
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Crespo, Joel
[1
,2
,3
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Sun, Haoyu
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Univ Sci & Technol China, Inst Immunol, Sch Life Sci, Hefei 230026, Peoples R ChinaDept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Sun, Haoyu
[4
]
Welling, Theodore H.
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Dept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI USADept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Welling, Theodore H.
[1
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Tian, Zhigang
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Univ Sci & Technol China, Inst Immunol, Sch Life Sci, Hefei 230026, Peoples R ChinaDept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Tian, Zhigang
[4
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Zou, Weiping
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Dept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Grad Program Immunol & Tumor Biol, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Univ Michigan, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USADept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Zou, Weiping
[1
,2
,3
]
机构:
[1] Dept Surg, Ann Arbor, MI USA
[2] Grad Program Immunol & Tumor Biol, Ann Arbor, MI USA
[3] Univ Michigan, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
[4] Univ Sci & Technol China, Inst Immunol, Sch Life Sci, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
Human tumors progress despite the presence of tumor associated antigen (TAA)-specific T cells. Many different molecular and cellular mechanisms contribute to the failure of T cells to eradicate the tumor. These include immune suppressive networks that impair ongoing T cell function and enable tumor escape. Recent studies have started to reveal the nature of effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this article we discuss T cell anergy, exhaustion, senescence, and sternness, and review the phenotype of dysfunctional T cell subsets and the underlying molecular mechanisms in the tumor microenvironments. We suggest that targeting T cell dysfunctional mechanisms and introducing/promoting T cell sternness are important approaches to treat patients with cancer.