Post-colonoscopy splenic injury: A case report on diagnostic challenges and treatment strategies

Introduction and importance: Colonoscopy, while generally safe, can rarely lead to severe complications such as splenic injury. This article reports a case of splenic injury post-colonoscopy, highlighting clinical challenges, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies. The goal is to raise awareness among healthcare professionals and enhance knowledge on managing such complications. Case presentation: A 60-year-old woman with chronic constipation underwent a challenging colonoscopy. Twelve hours later, she had acute abdominal pain, bloating, and anemia. Examination revealed tachycardia and a distended abdomen. Urgent CT showed splenic hematoma and hemoperitoneum. Initially managed conservatively with fluids and transfusions, she developed worsening tachycardia and persistent anemia, necessitating emergency laparotomy. Surgery confirmed significant hemoperitoneum and bleeding splenic lesion, leading to splenectomy. She stabilized and was discharged on the fifth postoperative day with antibiotics and vaccinations. Clinical discussion: Splenic injury, though rare, is a serious complication of colonoscopy, occurring in 0.002 % to 0.033 % of cases. Symptoms include abdominal pain, left shoulder pain, dizziness, and syncope. Prompt diagnosis with contrast-enhanced CT, which identifies 98.5 % of injuries, is crucial. Treatment ranges from conservative management to emergency splenectomy, based on injury severity and patient stability. Non-operative management is often successful in stable patients, while splenectomy may be necessary for those with significant hemodynamic instability. Early recognition and appropriate treatment are essential for favorable outcomes. Conclusion: Splenic injury is a rare but severe complication of colonoscopy. Early recognition and appropriate management are crucial for positive outcomes. Conservative treatment is often effective, but surgery may be needed for severe cases.