3D-printed passive sensors on fabric: a state-of-the-art review and framework for future applications

Recent studies have been focused on the 3D-printed wearable passive sensor on fabric for health monitoring, tracking users, muscle movement, etc. Also, some review reports have been published on wearable sensors based on their types, applications, design, fabrication techniques, etc. But hitherto less has been testified on the scope of 3D printing in wearable passive sensors on fabric for wireless fidelity (WiFi) and fifth-generation (5 G) technology applications. In this study, a state-of-the-art review along with bibliometric analysis has been presented on the 3D-printed wearable sensors on fabric. Also, a short case study on the wearable passive sensor has been performed by printing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) on the woven cotton lycra fabric (WCLF) using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The framework for the sensor design with high-frequency simulation software (HFSS) and FFF has been presented for the resonating frequency (Rf) of 4.90 GHz (for WiFi and 5 G applications).