Short-term and long-term outcomes of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with cardiogenic shock

IntroductionCardiogenic shock is severe circulatory failure that results in significant in-hospital mortality, related morbidity, and economic burden. Patients with cardiogenic shock are at high risk for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly within the subset of patients with an overlap of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest.Areas coveredThis review article will explore the prevalence, definition, management, and outcomes of common arrhythmias in patients with cardiogenic shock. This review will describe the pathophysiology of arrhythmia in cardiogenic shock and the impact of inotropic agents on increased arrhythmogenicity. In addition to medical management, focused assessment of mechanical circulatory support, radiofrequency ablation, deep sedation, and stellate ganglion block will be provided.Expert opinionWe will navigate the limited data and describe the prognostic impacts of arrhythmia. Finally, we will conclude the review with a discussion of prevention strategies, research limitations, and future research directions.