Enhancing HVAC multivariable system performance through hybrid modeling and direct Nyquist Array control

This study explores a closed-loop multivariable control system for HVAC systems. A hybrid distributed parameter-lumped model was developed using MATLAB's System Identification Application, resulting in a transfer function matrix. The Direct Nyquist Array (DNA) control strategy was applied, dividing the HVAC system into two SISO loops, each equipped with PID controllers. Stability analysis confirmed system stability according to the Nyquist criterion. Simulation of the system under DNA control showed improved performance over the open-loop setup, with faster response times of nearly 1 s and overshoots between 7% and 15%, maintaining thermal comfort and occupant satisfaction. The system effectively managed ambient heat transfer variations, maintaining desired airflow rate and air temperature. The closed-loop setup exhibited robustness against disturbances, quickly returning to steady-state values. Settling times ranged from 1 to 2 s with minimal impact on HVAC performance. Overall, the closed-loop multivariable DNA control with SISO PID controllers proved reliable for enhancing energy efficiency and thermal comfort in HVAC systems.Practical application This study provides a comprehensive framework for multivariable control in HVAC systems, significantly benefiting built environment professionals by enhancing energy efficiency and occupant comfort. By applying advanced control strategies, the research offers practical solutions for optimizing HVAC performance, reducing operational costs, and ensuring sustainability in building management. The detailed analysis and methodologies presented can be directly implemented to improve system reliability and responsiveness, thereby supporting professionals in creating smarter, more resilient, and environmentally friendly built environments.