Prenatal exposure to environmental phenols and fetal growth across pregnancy in the LIFECODES fetal growth study

Introduction: Environmental phenols are endocrine disrupting chemicals hypothesized to affect early life development. Previous research examining the effects of phenols on fetal growth has focused primarily on associations with measures of size at delivery. Few have included ultrasound measures to examine growth across pregnancy. Objective: Investigate associations between prenatal exposure to phenols and ultrasound and delivery measures of fetal growth. Methods: Using the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study (n = 900), a case-cohort including 248 small-for-gestationalage, 240 large-for-gestational age, and 412 appropriate-for-gestational-age births, we estimated prenatal exposure to 12 phenols using three urine samples collected during pregnancy (median 10, 24, and 35 weeks gestation). We abstracted ultrasound and delivery measures of fetal growth from medical records. We estimated associations between pregnancy-average phenol biomarker concentrations and repeated ultrasound measures of fetal growth using linear mixed effects models and associations with birthweight using linear regression models. We also used logistic regression models to estimate associations with having a small- or large-for-gestational birth. Results: We observed positive associations between 2,4-dichlorophenol, benzophenone-3, and triclosan (TCS) and multiple ultrasound measures of fetal growth. For example, TCS was associated with a 0.09 (95 % CI: 0.01, 0.18) higher estimated fetal weight z-score longitudinally across pregnancy. This effect size corresponds to a 21 g increase in estimated fetal weight at 30 weeks gestation. Associations with delivery measures of growth were attenuated, but TCS remained positively associated with birthweight z-scores (mean difference: 0.13, 95 % CI: 0.02, 0.25). Conversely, methylparaben was associated with higher odds of a small-for-gestational age birth (odds ratio: 1.45, 95 % CI: 1.06, 1.98). Discussion: We observed associations between some biomarkers of phenol exposure and ultrasound measures of fetal growth, though associations at the time of delivery were attenuated. These findings are consistent with hypotheses that phenols have the potential to affect growth during the prenatal period.