Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in Critical Care Fellowship Programs in the United States From 2016 to 2021

IMPORTANCE:A diverse and inclusive critical care workforce is vital to the provision of culturally appropriate and effective care to critically ill patients of all backgrounds.OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study is to determine the trends in gender, race, and ethnicity of U.S. critical care fellowships over the past 6 years (2016-2021).METHODS:Data on gender, race, and ethnicity of critical care fellows in five Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education-accredited training programs (internal medicine, pulmonary and critical care, anesthesiology, surgery, and pediatrics) from 2015 to 2016 to 2020-2021 were obtained from the joint reports of the American Medical Association (AMA) and Association of American Medical Colleges published annually in the Journal of the AMA.RESULTS:From 2016 to 2021, the number of U.S. critical care fellows increased annually, up 23.8%, with the largest number of fellows in pulmonary critical care medicine (60.1%). The percentage of female critical care fellows slightly increased from 38.7% to 39.4% (p = 0.57). White fellows significantly decreased from 57.4% to 49.3% (p = 0.0001); similarly, Asian fellows significantly decreased from 30.8% to 27.5% (p = 0.004). The percentage of Black or African American fellows was not statistically significantly different (4.9% vs 4.4%; p = 0.44). The number of fellows who self-identified as multiracial significantly increased from 52 (1.9%) to 91 (2.7%) (p = 0.043). The percentage of fellows who identified as Hispanic was not significantly different (6.7% vs 7.5%; p = 0.23).CONCLUSIONS:The percentage of women and racially and ethnically minoritized fellows (Black and Hispanic) remain underrepresented in critical care fellowship programs. Additional research is needed to better understand these demographic trends in our emerging critical care physician workforce and enhance diversity.