Recent advancement of eliminating antibiotic resistance bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in livestock waste: A review

Antibiotics are extensively used as medicine for humans and also in livestock for growth promotion, disease prevention, and treatment. However, the pervasive usage of antibiotics has led to a critical global challenge raising issues regarding antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic- resistant genes. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes poses a growing threat impacting the effectiveness of treatments for infectious diseases. Projections suggest that by 2050, there could be over 10 million deaths attributed to pathogens carrying antibiotic resistance genes. Consequently, there is a pressing need for methods that target the removal of residual antibiotics, eradication of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and elimination of antibiotic-resistance genes specifically in wastewater treatment and livestock waste management before their release into the environment. This remediation approach aims to diminish the selective pressure on native bacteria in nature caused by antibiotics and mitigate the emergence of potential antibiotic-resistant strains. This review paper aims to outline the current status and significance of antibiotic control. Various contemporary strategies are employed to eliminate antibiotic residues, combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and counteract antibiotic-resistant genes. This review also evaluates the environmental impact assessment regarding antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes on public health and the environment. The contribution of this review would provide insights into the multifaceted dimensions of antibiotic management and its implications for both human health and the ecosystem.