F-words ingredients of non-invasive interventions for young ambulant children with cerebral palsy: A scoping review

Aim: To map the ingredients of non-invasive interventions provided to young ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Method: Articles were screened and each study's characteristics extracted. The intervention ingredients were described in terms of the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System and linked to the 'F-words'. Results were interpreted and validated by a patient and public involvement group. Results: Sixty-one papers were included, of which 55.5% were classified as randomized controlled trial design studies. The selected studies included a total of 2187 children (mean age range 3 months to 5 years 11 months), most from high-income countries. The included studies investigated a total of 27 interventions, which together presented ingredients representing all F-words, in the following order of frequency: 'fitness' (e.g. strength and endurance training), 'functioning' (e.g. active and repetitive practice of a task), 'family' (e.g. context-focused therapy), 'fun' (e.g. inclusion of child-friendly activities), 'friends' (e.g. group activities), and 'future' (e.g. didactic information sharing). Thus, ingredients related to the F-word 'future' were the most infrequently reported. Interpretation: Therapists and families need to be aware of the most appropriate match between the F-word goals, ingredients, and targets. Finally, 'fun', 'friends', and 'future' should be addressed as potential outcomes in future studies.