Investigation of singlet oxygen and superoxide radical produced from vortex-based hydrodynamic cavitation: Mechanism and its relation to cavitation intensity

Presently, the hydroxyl radical oxidation mechanism is widely acknowledged for the degradation of organic pollutants based on hydrodynamic cavitation technology. The presence and production mechanism of other potential reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cavitation systems are still unclear. In this paper, singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) and superoxide radical (center dot O-2(-)) were selected as the target ROS, and their generation rules and mechanism in vortex-based hydrodynamic cavitation (VBHC) were analyzed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to simulate and analyze the intensity characteristics of VBHC, and the relationship between the generation of ROS and cavitation intensity was thoroughly revealed. The results show that the operating conditions of the device have a significant and complicated influence on the generation of O-1(2) and center dot O-2(-). When the inlet pressure reaches to 4.5 bar, it is more favorable for the generation of O-1(2) and center dot O-2(-) comparing with those lower pressure. However, higher temperature (45 degrees C) and aeration rate (15 (L/min)/L) do not always have positive effect on the O-1(2) and center dot O-2(-) productions, and their optimal parameters need to be analyzed in combination with the inlet pressure. Through quenching experiments, it is found that O-1(2) is completely transformed from center dot O-2(-), and center dot O-2(-) comes from the transformation of hydroxyl radicals and dissolved oxygen. Higher cavitation intensity is captured and shown more disperse in the vortex cavitation region, which is consistent with the larger production and stronger diffusion of O-1(2) and center dot O-2(-). This paper shed light to the generation mechanism of O-1(2) and center dot O-2(-) in VBHC reactors and the relationship with cavitation intensity. The conclusion provides new ideas for the research of effective ROS in hydrodynamic cavitation process.