Network analysis of Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents

BackgroundWhile Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur, the nature of the relationship between their symptoms is not well understood. Network analysis of psychopathology allow for detailed examinations of symptom interactions, providing an effective approach to explore the patterns of comorbidity between TS and ADHD symptoms.MethodsThis study included 3,958 participants (male/female = 3,004/954, age mean +/- SD = 8.60 +/- 2.25 years). We collected data on TS symptoms using the Motor Tic, Obsessions and Compulsions, Vocal Tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES), and ADHD symptoms using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-IV (SNAP-IV). Network analysis was employed to construct a combined network of TS and ADHD symptoms at the symptom level. We utilized the expected influence (EI) and bridge EI metrics to explore the core and bridge symptoms within the network.ResultsThe network structure demonstrated a moderate number of non-zero connections between TS and ADHD symptoms, constituting 23.06% of all potential connections. Core symptoms in the comorbidity network included "Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities," "Certain bad words or thoughts keep going through my mind," and "Words come out that I can't stop or control." Bridging symptoms identified were "Words come out that I can't stop or control," "I do certain things like jumping or clapping over and over," "I can't control all my movements," and "Often talks excessively."ConclusionThe core and bridging symptoms identified in this study serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of TS and ADHD comorbidity in clinical children and adolescents.