Extreme precipitation detection ability of four high-resolution precipitation product datasets in hilly area: a case study in Nepal

Given Nepal ' s vulnerability to extreme precipitation (EP), it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive analysis to comprehend the historical trends of such events. However, acquiring precise precipitation data for EP remains challenging in mountainous countries like Nepal owing to the scarcity of densely gauged networks. This limitation impedes the dissemination of knowledge pertaining to EP variability events in Nepal. The current research on this topic is deficient for two main reasons: 1) there is a lack of studies leveraging recently released high-resolution precipitation products to identify their EP detection capabilities, which further hinders the usability of those products in data-scarce regions like Nepal, and 2) most studies have focused on the characterisation of EP events in Nepal rather than their spatial and temporal variability. To address these issues, this study evaluated the EP detection capabilities of four high-resolution precipitation product datasets (PPDs) across Nepal from 1985 to 2020. These datasets include the ERA5 Land reanalysis data, satellite-based precipitation data (PERSIANN_CCS_CDR and CHIRPS_V2.0) and a merged dataset (TPHiPr). We used various statistical and categorical indices to assess their ability to capture the spatial and temporal variability of EP events. The annual EP events were characterised by 11 indices divided into frequency and intensity categories. The TPHiPr merged dataset offered a robust depiction of monthly precipitation estimates, achieving the highest critical success index, accuracy, probability of detection and a low false alarm ratio for daily precipitation detection of 0.1 mm in Nepal. Conversely, the PERSIANN_CCS_CDR dataset exhibited poor performance. Most PPDs showed increasing trends in EP indices. However, the TPHiPr dataset showcased those trends with fewer errors and stronger correlations for many frequency (R10mm, R20mm and R25mm) and intensity (RX1day, RX5day, PRCPTOT and R99p) indices. The results indicate that TPHiPr outperformed other PPDs in accurately representing the spatial distribution of EP trends in Nepal from 1985 to 2020, particularly noting an exacerbation of EP events mostly in the eastern region of Nepal throughout the study period. While TPHiPr demonstrated superior performance in detecting various EP indices across Nepal, individual products like the ERA5 Land reanalysis dataset showed enhanced performance in the western region of Nepal. Conversely, PERSIANN_CCS_CDR and CHIRPS_V2.0 performed well in the eastern region compared to other PPDs.