Multi-period urban hydrogen refueling stations site selection and capacity planning with many-objective optimization for hydrogen supply chain

The location and quantity of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) play a crucial role in the development and promotion of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs). This study proposes a multi-period urban HRSs site selection and capacity planning with many-objective optimization framework for hydrogen supply chain (HSC). Firstly, the city 's multi-period hydrogen requirement is predicted based on a generalized Bass diffusion model. Using publicly available data, including gas station network data, geographic information system (GIS) data, population data, and regional economic data, a spatially aggregated demand model is established to allocate hydrogen requirement at candidate sites in the city of the geographic grid model with a 1 km resolution. On this basis, four interrelated objective functions (total investment cost, hydrogen requirement coverage, risk coefficient, and environmental factors) are developed. The third-generation non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-III) and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) are employed to achieve multiperiod urban HRSs site selection and capacity planning with many-objective optimization for HSC. By comparing the results of single-objective optimization focusing on minimum cost and maximum hydrogen requirement coverage, it is observed that many-objective optimization achieves a better balance among the four conflicting objectives. After comprehensive analysis, the distribution of HRSs exhibits a clustered structure, influenced by the population and economic structure of the city. In the initial stages of HFCV development, most stations serve the peripheral areas around the city center; while n the later stages of the optimization period, a few highcapacity HRSs begin to concentrate in the city center.