Progress and development of organic photovoltaic cells for indoor applications

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) industry has created significant interest in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). OPVs hold promise for indoor photovoltaics (IPVs) due to their tunable bandgap, high absorbance coefficient, semitransparency, solution processability, lightweight nature, affordability, and eco-friendly, making them ideal for powering indoor smart devices with minimal energy consumption. However, challenges remain in achieving environmental stability, large-scale production, improving power efficiency, and extending minority carrier lifespans. Various strategies, including doping, passivation, buffer layers, and electron-reflecting layers, have been explored to enhance the absorber layer properties. This review evaluates the current state of OPV cell development, focusing on recent advancements in material selection, design methodologies, market trends, and strategies to achieve high efficiency under low-light indoor conditions. The impact of emerging technologies such as machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) on IPV progress is also investigated. Furthermore, it highlights the evolving role of organic materials in driving comprehensive advancements and addressing challenges in IPVs. Ultimately, OPVs are identified as essential for achieving net-zero emissions and supporting sustainable development goals.