A novel 3D-printed educational model for the training of laparoscopic bile duct Exploration:a pilot study for beginning trainees

Background: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is a minimally invasive procedure for the removal of bile duct stones that is often performed by experienced hepatobiliary surgeons; beginners do not easily master this approach. Aim: To investigate the effectiveness and practicality of a three-dimensional printed (3DP) anatomical model based on radiographic images in the training of LCBDE techniques and formulate standardized educational workflows. Methods: Colored LCBDE training models were produced using 3DP technology. Twenty standardized training trainees were randomly divided into two groups: a 3DP model training group and a traditional laparoscopic simulation training group. Both groups received the same number of teaching hours. After a 4-weeks training course, the trainees' subjective and objective progress in basic knowledge and manipulations were evaluated and compared. Results: Compared with traditional laparoscopic simulation, 3DP model simulation training is of great significance in improving trainers' understanding of surgical procedures and cooperation during the operation. Trainees with 3DP models training demonstrated a significant improvement in their understanding of the key points of surgery (chi 2 = 6.139, p = 0.013) and skills scores, especially in core procedural steps operation. More importantly, the trainees showed higher levels of satisfaction and self-confidence while assisting in the surgery. Conclusion: With the development of 3DP models, improvements in the learning effect for theoretical understanding and practical skills were significant. The present study is the initial educational experience with 3DP models to facilitate the operational capabilities of the trainees for LCBDE.