Coupling of photovoltaic thermal with hybrid forward osmosis-membrane distillation: Energy and water production dynamic analysis

This study proposes a novel solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT)-driven forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD) system for desalinating brackish water, addressing water scarcity issues by combining the advantages of FO's low operating cost with MD's ability to treat hypersaline water. A physics-based dynamic model was developed for the system, and the model equations were discretized and solved using an open-source algebraic modeling language. Model validation involved verifying the consistency of outputs between successive unit operations and conducting sensitivity analysis by varying one operating condition at a time. The analysis considered varying weather conditions while maintaining constant operating conditions. Increasing the flow rate of brackish water (cooling fluid) from 19.79 to 59.38 kg/h improved thermal efficiency by 28.7 %; however, FO and MD water fluxes decreased by 1.12 LMH and 7.77 kg/m(2)/h, respectively. Peak thermal efficiency (81.2 %) was achieved at the highest flow rate. Incorporating heat transfer analysis into FO models goes beyond the common focus on mass transfer, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of energy dynamics within the system. Both FO and MD water fluxes improved with irradiance and ambient temperature but decreased with cooling fluid flow rate and wind velocity. Increasing feed concentration to 10,000 mg/l reduced water flux by 0.66 LMH, and for each 0.5 M increase in draw solution concentration, FO water flux increased by >10 LMH. Compared to MD water flux, FO water flux is more sensitive to changes in concentration than to changes in weather conditions.