Transfer versus co-production: Knowledge as 'MEANS' to sustainability as an 'END'

This study examines the relationship between sustainability performance and knowledge, as well as between innovation transfer and co-production. It moves away from evaluating processes to exploring impact by investigating how explicit and tacit knowledge archetypes are associated with sustainability performance in the agri-food sector. Applying the knowledge-based theory and the Shannon index, we rely on a database from 2013 to 2020 of two case studies selected from a Spanish research institution. At the institutional level, the results postulate that knowledge and innovation transfer tends to have a higher diversity index, mainly driven by explicit knowledge archetype. Tacit type of knowledge in both transfer and co-production mechanisms predominately relies on engagement parameters. At the case study level, as an educational toolkit, the first case study prioritizes engagement that is, transferring and transmitting knowledge to a higher number of participants-tacit knowledge transfer. As an innovative technique, the second case study prioritizes diversity that is, transferring and transmitting knowledge through various channels-explicit knowledge transfer. Regarding sustainability performance, the findings demonstrate that both explicit and tacit knowledge are associated with health and capacity building pillars in the first case study through the transfer mechanism. However, in the second one, tacit knowledge is mainly associated with economic and socioterritorial pillars through transfer and co-production mechanisms. This study sheds light on the micro level of knowledge, proposing an approach for researchers and practitioners to categorize knowledge in different proxies and evaluate their performance.