Cardiac physiology and pathophysiology in pregnancy

Cardiovascular disease is the leading indirect cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, accounting for nearly one third of maternal deaths during pregnancy. The burden of cardiovascular disease in pregnancy is increasing, as are the incidence of maternal morbidity and mortality. Normal physiologic adaptations to pregnancy, including increased cardiac output and plasma volume, may unmask cardiac conditions, exacerbate previously existing conditions, or create de novo complications. It is important for care providers to understand the normal physiologic changes of pregnancy and how they may impact the care of patients with cardiovascular disease. This review outlines the physiologic adaptions during pregnancy and their pathologic implications for some of the more common cardiovascular conditions in pregnancy.