Prevalence and factors of physical punishment and psychological aggression toward children under five in Mongolia: an analysis of the 2018 Social Indicator Survey

BackgroundThe global prevalence of violence against children is alarmingly high, with millions facing violent discipline and physical punishment. In Mongolia, domestic violence-related criminal offenses have sharply increased, with a 46.92% surge in the first quarter of 2020 compared to 2019.ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and identify factors associated with physical punishment and/or psychological aggression experienced by children under 5 years old from their caregivers.MethodsWe used data from the nationally representative 2018 MICS6 dataset. To examine the association between independent and dependent variables, we used multilevel Poisson regression because it provides a better estimate and is more interpretable when the prevalence is relatively high.ResultsThe prevalence of psychological aggression was reported at 32.3% and physical punishment at 31.6%, including severe forms. Nonviolent techniques were common, with 77.5% exclusively using nonviolent discipline. Psychological aggression was more likely to occur in older children (3 and 4 years old) and in households with Buddhist heads. Additionally, 3-year-olds are more likely to experience physical punishment compared to 2-year-olds.ConclusionThese findings underscore the need for targeted policy interventions, including age-sensitive parental education programs and religious and cultural sensitivity measures. Comprehensive educational and awareness programs are essential to foster a culture of nonviolence across all educational levels, highlighting the need for context-specific policies to safeguard the well-being of children in Mongolia. Main findingThe study highlights concerning rates of physical punishment and psychological aggression toward children under five in Mongolia.Added KnowledgeThe study findings contribute novel insights into the intricate relationship between sociocultural factors and disciplinary practices, emphasizing the influence of religious affiliations and maternal education on child-rearing approaches.Global health impact for policy and actionUrgent policy interventions are warranted to address violence against children, with an emphasis on culturally sensitive parental education programs and comprehensive awareness campaigns.