Stimulated Raman-induced beam focusing

Stimulated Raman scattering, employing a pump and a Stokes beam, exhibits itself through both the Raman loss observed in the pump beam and the Raman gain in the Stokes beam. This phenomenon finds application in spectroscopy for chemical analyses and microscopy for label-free bioimaging studies. Recent efforts have been made to implement super-resolution Raman microscopy using a doughnut-shaped pump, Stokes, or depletion beam. In this study, it is shown that the amplitude and phase of the pump or Stokes beam undergo significant modulation through the stimulated Raman process when they are configured as one of the higherorder Laguer re-Gauss modes, achieved using appropriate spiral phase plates or spatial light modulators. The resulting intensity distributions of the pump and Stokes beams are determined by a superposition of multiple Laguer re-Gauss modes that are coupled through nonlinear Raman gain and loss processes. Calculation results are used to elucidate the limitations associated with super-resolution coherent Raman imaging with a toroidal pump or Stokes beam. This stands in contrast with the stimulated emission depletion fluorescence microscopy technique, which has no fundamental limit in the spatial resolution enhancement.