Application of hydrological models to streamflow estimation at ungauged transboundary Himalayas River basin, Nepal

Continuous hydrological records at the desired site with spatial and temporal coverage are essential to water resources management and flood prevention. Hydrological gauging stations and observations are limited at transboundary Himalayan River basins in developing countries. So, this study is carried out to estimate discharge at ungauged sites from donor catchments based on calibrated discharge. In the Tamakoshi River basin, Spatial Process in HYdrology (SPHY), HBV-light, and Hydrologic Engineering Centre Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC HMS) models were used for hydrological simulation. The ungauged discharge estimated at Benighat is based on daily, monthly, and annual basis from upstream gauged stations. Statistical indices were obtained as NSE > 0.62, R-2 > 0.77, and PBias <26% in the simulation of these models. The low flow prediction is more reliable than the high flow prediction. The deviation in predicted flow mostly appeared in high flow periods. All the hydrological models simulated ungauged streamflow were similar in the flow pattern, and the estimated discharge at the ungauged receiver site was greater than at the donor site. Comparative simulations are better alternatives to estimate ungauged discharge than individual simulations. This research will support future reference to generate streamflow data at ungauged sites and can help fill the data recording gap at similar mountain river basins.