Field calibration of low-cost particulate matter sensors using artificial neural networks and affine response correction

Due to detrimental effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), its accurate monitoring is of paramount importance, especially in densely populated urban areas. However, precise measurement of PM levels requires expensive and sophisticated equipment. Although low-cost alternatives are gaining popularity, their reliability is questionable, attributed to sensitivity to environmental conditions, inherent instability, and manufacturing imperfections. The objectives of this paper include (i) introduction of an innovative approach to field calibration for low-cost PM sensors using artificial intelligence methods, (ii) implementation of the calibration procedure involving optimized artificial neural network (ANN) and combined multiplicative and additive correction of the low-cost sensor readings, (iii) demonstrating the efficacy of the presented technique using a custom-designed portable PM monitoring platform and reference data acquired from public measurement stations. The results obtained through comprehensive experiments conducted using the aforementioned low-cost sensor and reference data demonstrate remarkable accuracy for the calibrated sensor, with correlation coefficients of 0.86 for PM1 1 and PM2.5, 2.5 , and 0.76 PM10 10 (particles categorized as having diameter equal to or less than 1 mu m, 2.5 mu m, and 10 mu m, respectively), along with low RMSE values of only 3.1, 4.1, and 4.9 mu g/m 3 .