Analysis of tensile failure mechanism in intact, foliated, and cracked rocks using distinct element method: Influence of anisotropy

A thorough numerical analysis was conducted to understand the failure mechanisms and behaviour in intact rocks, foliated rocks and rocks with pre-existing cracks using the Brazilian tensile strength tests. The dominant anisotropy in rocks, especially foliated rocks like phyllites, slates and schists, as well as sedimentary rocks like sandstone, limestones and shale, leads to complex failure mechanism. The presence of cracks leads to anisotropy causing different mechanisms of failure and variation in tensile strengths of rock mass. Numerical simulations were conducted based on experimental studies of foliated phyllite and dolomitic limestone from the Tejam Group, Lesser Himalaya. The variations in failure behaviour and strength of foliated rocks were studied for samples at different foliation angle using the particle distinct element model. The simulation results show that with increase in foliation angle to the loading direction (from 0 degrees to 90 degrees), the peak tensile strength of rocks remains almost same for specimens with theta = 0 degrees to 30 degrees and then increases linearly till 90 degrees. The influence of cracks as anisotropy was also studied by changing crack length (from 5 mm to 30 mm) and angle (from 0 degrees to 90 degrees). The development of failure patterns in rocks with pre-existing cracks leads to a better understanding of the failure modes and makes it possible to interpret failure behavior, pattern, and strength parameters. With increase in crack length, the tensile strength of rocks decreases. Overall, this study depicts the influence of anisotropy and microparameters on failure modes and behavior in Brazilian tensile strength tests on foliated and pre-cracked rocks.