Reducing strain on primary healthcare systems through innovative models of care: the impact of direct access physiotherapy for musculoskeletal conditions-an interrupted time series analysis

Objectives To evaluate the longitudinal impact of introducing a national, direct access physiotherapy model of care on the rates of primary and secondary care consultations for musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions.Design Interrupted time series analysis using segmented linear regression.Setting Norway primary careParticipants A cohort of 82 072 participants was derived from 3 population-based health surveys conducted across separate geographical regions in Norway. All participants surveyed were eligible for inclusion as a national representative sample of the Norwegian population. Registered MSK consultations were linked to the Norwegian Control and Payment of Health Reimbursement database and the Norwegian Patient Register using the International Classification of Primary Care diagnostic medical codes L-chapter for MSK conditions and spine related International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes.Intervention Direct access to physiotherapy model of care introduced nationally in Norway in 2018. This model allowed Norwegians to consult directly with qualified physiotherapists for MSK conditions (eg, back pain, knee osteoarthritis) without the need for a medical referral in order to claim a social security reimbursement.Main outcomes measured Rates of primary care consultations per 10 000 population (general practitioner (GP) and physiotherapist consultations) and secondary care (specialist consultations and surgical procedures) measured from 2014 to 2021.Results The introduction of the direct access physiotherapy model was associated with an immediate stepped reduction of 391 general practice consultations per 10 000 population, (95% CI: -564 to -216), without an associated change in physiotherapy consultations. Subgroup analyses suggested there was an associated reduction in physiotherapy consultations for those in the lowest education group of 150 consultations per quarter (95% CI:-203 to -97), 70 consultations per quarter in the intermediate education group (95% CI:-115 to -27) and a stepped reduction of 2 spinal surgical procedures per 10 000 population, for those aged between 40 and 60 years (95% CI: -3 to -1) following the introduction of the direct access physiotherapy model.Conclusion The national introduction of a direct access to physiotherapy model of care was associated with a reduction in the workload of GPs for the management of MSK conditions. The use of physiotherapists in direct contact roles is a potential strategic model to reduce the burden on the GP workforce in primary care worldwide.