Optimization of structural, dielectric, and electrical properties in lead-free Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 through site engineering for biocompatible energy harvesting

Piezoelectric energy harvesting has recently gained attention due to its high power density and potential for self-powered sensor networks. This study investigates the effects of dopants on Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 (BCZT) ramics, examining Strontium (Sr2+), Zinc (Zn2+), and praseodymium (Pr3+/4+) ions at different sites and impact on structural, dielectric, and electrical properties. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis reveal a coexistence of tetragonal and rhombohedral/orthorhombic phases, with a predominant tetragonal phase, confirmed by Raman analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ensures chemical homogeneity. The density surements indicate a dense microstructure with a relative density of 90-95 %. Dielectric analysis shows a relaxor-like behavior in AB-site doped BCZT ceramics, validated by polarization-electric field hysteresis loops. B doped BCZT ceramics exhibit ultra-low leakage currents, approximately 10(3) times lower than undoped BCZT. optimized biocompatible flexible film-based energy harvester, incorporating A-site doped BCZT ceramic particles, demonstrated impressive energy harvesting capabilities. A simple finger tapping generated similar to 80.2 V similar to 18.2 nA, with an average peak-to-peak power density of 7.6 mu W-cm(-3). These results highlight the significant potential of dopant inclusion in BCZT ceramics, marking a major advancement in doping strategies for piezoelectric energy harvesting in miniature electronics.