Air-sea CO2 exchange in the western Pacific influenced by monsoon and giant diatom (Ethmodiscus rex) blooms during the last deglaciation

The concentration of atmospheric CO2 increased rapidly during the last deglaciation due to CO2 outgassing from oceans. However, records of deglacial surface seawater pCO(2-sw) are sparse, hindering our understanding of the process and mechanism of air-sea CO2 exchange and its influence on glacial-interglacial climate change. Here we reconstructed surface seawater pCO(2-sw) for the last deglacial period using carbon isotope composition (delta C-13) of giant diatom (Ethmodiscus rex) frustules from deep-sea sedimentary core collected in the Philippine Sea, western Pacific. Results showed that air-sea CO2 was fluctuating in the western Pacific during the last deglaciation. The gradients of air-sea CO2 are dominated by monsoon and biological productivity. The enhanced East Asian winter Monsoon and shallow thermocline during late Heinrich Stadial 1 maintained equilibrium in the air-sea CO2 exchange balance. During the B & oslash;lling period, enhanced East Asian Summer Monsoon has been observed to accelerate the dissolution of eolian-dust and promoted the growth of Ethmodiscus rex, which has been linked to increased primary productivity and, consequently, the uptake of atmospheric CO2 in the western Pacific. During the Aller & oslash;d period, continued enhancement of EASM allowed the Philippine Sea to act as a weak CO2 source releasing CO2 to the atmosphere. During the Younger Dryas period, as the EASM weaken and the EAWM strengthen, Delta pCO(2(sw-atm)) decreased. Our findings highlight the tropical ocean's role in deglacial air-sea CO2 exchange and provide insights into the monsoonal and biological drivers of the processes.