Development of a scale for measuring university students' attitudes toward oral health

Purpose Valid and reliable scales which have been developed for assessing individuals' attitudes toward oral health and are based on multiple theoretical views are limited in number in the literature. Hence, there is a need for more scale development studies for further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the oral and dental health attitudes of students. The aim of this study was to develop a scale for measuring college undergraduates' attitudes toward oral and dental health. Materials and Methods A sample of 770 college undergraduates (241 male, 529 female) enrolled in various academic programs of three universities in Turkey participated in this study. We collected data from two separate samples. The data obtained from sample 1 (n = 470) were used for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the data from sample 2 (n = 300) were utilized for undertaking Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). To test the construct validity, EFA, CFA, convergent validity, and measurement invariance were used, respectively. Results In the first stage, EFA was conducted on a 48-item scale. EFA results showed that the final version of the Oral Health Attitude Scale (OHA-S) had a six-factor structure: sensitivity, importance, avoidance of harmful elements, tendency towards products and activities, awareness, and social impact. To confirm this structure, CFA was used. CFA results showed good model fit indexes. The final version of the scale consisted of 41 items with six factors. Moreover, Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown Split-Half coefficients showed a good level of reliability. Moreover, t-scores were statistically significant for 27% of the lower and upper groups. Conclusion The developed scale was found to be a potential tool for measuring and evaluating university students' attitudes toward oral and dental health.