Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Patient Satisfaction with an Automated Drug Dispensing System

Background and objectives: Automated drug dispensing systems (ADDs) have been introduced to improve the efficiency of dispensing and patient safety. The available questionnaires measure patient satisfaction with particular aspects of ADDs. Also, the level of patient satisfaction with ADDs is not widely established. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel questionnaire to assess patient satisfaction with ADDs. Methods: Content and construct validity procedures were used to validate the 20-item questionnaire with four domains, including pharmacy administration, dispensing practice, patient education, and the dispensing system. Two hundred consenting participants took part in this study, from those who visited the outpatient pharmacy in a government hospital. Results: The internal consistency of all four scale items shows acceptable reliability (>0.7). In the exploratory factor analysis, three items were removed due to poor factor loading and cross-loading. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the model has acceptable fit indices, including the comparative fit index (0.937), Tucker-Lewis's index (0.924), standardized root mean square residual (0.051), root mean square error of approximation (0.057), and chi(2)/df (1.67). The convergent and discriminant validity were established, since the average variance extracted (AVE) was >= 0.5 and the squared correlation (SC) values of one construct with other constructs were less than the AVE of the specific construct. Conclusion: This study offered a reliable and valid 17-item questionnaire incorporating a multi-dimensional four-factor model to evaluate patient satisfaction with ADDs. The validated questionnaire can be utilized to explore patients' perspectives on ADDs.