Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Salmonella isolated from ducks and wild geese in China

Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and the cause of significant morbidity and mortality via consumption of contaminated meat and meat-products. The prevalence of Salmonella in ducks and wild geese in China are poorly characterized and these sources represent a potential pool that could be transferred to farm-reared fowl. In this study, we isolated 335 (18.3%) Salmonella from 1830 samples and identified 24 serotypes and most prevalent were Salmonella Indiana, Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella Typhimurium. Whole genome sequencing revealed the presence of the dominant sequence types ST17, ST198 and ST19 for these three serotypes, respectively. In addition, these isolates were most likely clonally spread across different regions while S. Kentucky also crossed the species barrier. The majority of the Salmonella isolates possessed beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance and these were consistent with antibiotic resistance gene profiles. We also identified 8 plasmid replicon types and all isolates possessed virulence genes and the numbers were greatest for S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates. This study provides novel insights concerning the epidemiology of Salmonella in ducks and wild geese and provides basic data for public health screening and management.