Pharmaceutical Pollution of the English National Parks

被引：4

作者：

Boxall, Alistair B. A. ^{[1
]}

Collins, Rob ^{[2
]}

Wilkinson, John L. ^{[1
]}

Swan, Caroline ^{[1
]}

Bouzas-Monroy, Alejandra ^{[1
]}

Jones, Josh ^{[2
]}

Winter, Emily ^{[3
]}

Leach, Jessie ^{[2
]}

Juta, Ursula ^{[4
]}

Deacon, Alex ^{[5
]}

Townsend, Ian ^{[6
]}

Kerr, Peter ^{[7
]}

Paget, Rachel ^{[8
]}

Rogers, Michael ^{[9
]}

Greaves, Dave ^{[9
]}

Turner, Dan ^{[2
]}

Pearson, Caitlin ^{[10
]}

机构：

[1] Univ York, Dept Environm & Geog, York, England

[2] Rivers Trust, Callington, Cornwall, England

[3] River Waveney Trust, Norfolk, England

[4] Norfolk Rivers Trust, Norfolk, England

[5] Wessex Rivers Trust, Salisbury, Wilts, England

[6] Westcountry Rivers Trust, Callington, Cornwall, England

[7] Northumberland Rivers Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England

[8] Ouse & Adur Rivers Trust, Lewes, England

[9] Eden Rivers Trust, Penrith, Cumbria, England

[10] West Cumbria Rivers Trust, Keswick, Cumbria, England

来源：

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY | 2024年 / 43卷 / 11期

基金：

英国自然环境研究理事会;

关键词：

Active pharmaceutical ingredients; Antimicrobial resistance; Monitoring; Risk assessment; WASTE-WATER; CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; SEPTIC SYSTEMS; CONTAMINANTS; HORMONES;

D O I：

10.1002/etc.5973

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

England's 10 national parks are renowned for their landscapes, wildlife, and recreational value. However, surface waters in the national parks may be vulnerable to pollution from human-use chemicals, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), because of factors like ineffective wastewater treatment, seasonal tourism, a high proportion of elderly residents, and the presence of low-flow water bodies that limit dilution. The present study determined the extent of API contamination in the English national parks by monitoring 54 APIs in 37 rivers across all national parks over two seasons. Results were compared to existing data sets for UK cities and to concentration thresholds for ecological impacts and antimicrobial resistance selection. Results revealed widespread contamination of the national parks, with APIs detected at 52 out of 54 sites and in both seasons. Thirty-one APIs were detected, with metformin, caffeine, and paracetamol showing the highest mean concentrations and cetirizine, metformin, and fexofenadine being the most frequently detected. While total API concentrations were generally lower than seen previously in UK cities, locations in the Peak District and Exmoor had higher concentrations than most city rivers. Fourteen locations had concentrations of either amitriptyline, carbamazepine, clarithromycin, diltiazem, metformin, paracetamol, or propranolol above levels of concern for fish, invertebrates, and algae or for selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, API pollution of the English national parks appears to pose risks to ecological health and potentially human health through recreational water use. Given that these parks are biodiversity hotspots with protected ecosystems, there is an urgent need for improved monitoring and management of pharmaceutical pollution and pollution more generally not only in national parks in England but also in similar environments across the world. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-14. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Image of a sewer discharging medicines into a small stream flowing through an idyllic woodland environment (generated using Wepik). image

引用

页码：2422 / 2435

页数：14

共 56 条

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