Intracerebroventricular insulin injection acutely normalizes the augmented exercise pressor reflex in male rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is exaggerated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the underlying central nervous system aberrations have not been fully delineated. Stimulation of muscle afferents within working skeletal muscle activates the EPR, by sending information to neurons in the brainstem, where it is integrated and results in reflexively increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and sympathetic nerve activity. Brain insulin is known to regulate neural activity within the brainstem. We hypothesize that brain insulin injection in T2DM rats attenuates the augmented EPR, and that T2DM is associated with decreased brain insulin. Using male Sprague-Dawley rats, T2DM and control rats were generated via an induction protocol with two low doses of streptozotocin (35 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) in combination with a 14-23-week high-fat diet or saline injections and a low-fat diet, respectively. After decerebration, MAP and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were evaluated during EPR stimulation, evoked by electrically induced muscle contraction via ventral root stimulation, before and after (1 and 2 h post) intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) insulin microinjections (500 mU, 50 nl). i.c.v. insulin decreased peak MAP (Delta MAP Pre (36 +/- 14 mmHg) vs. 1 h (21 +/- 14 mmHg) vs. 2 h (11 +/- 6 mmHg), P < 0.05) and RSNA (Delta RSNA Pre (107.5 +/- 40%), vs. 1 h (75.4 +/- 46%) vs. 2 h (51 +/- 35%), P < 0.05) responses in T2DM, but not controls. In T2DM rats, cerebrospinal fluid insulin was decreased (0.41 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.11 +/- 0.05 ng/ml, control (n = 14) vs. T2DM (n = 4), P < 0.01). The results demonstrated that insulin injections into the brain normalized the augmented EPR in brain hypoinsulinaemic T2DM rats, indicating that the EPR can be regulated by brain insulin. Key points center dot The reflexive increase in blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity mediated by the autonomic nervous system during muscle contractions is also known as the exercise pressor reflex. center dot The exercise pressor reflex is dangerously augmented in type 2 diabetes, in both rats and humans. center dot In type 2 diabetic rats both cerebrospinal fluid insulin and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling within cardiovascular brainstem neurons decrease in parallel. center dot Brain insulin injections decrease the magnitude of the reflexive pressor and sympathetic responses to hindlimb muscle contraction in type 2 diabetic rats. center dot Partial correction of low insulin within the central nervous system in type 2 diabetes may treat aberrant exercise pressor reflex function.