A Comprehensive Review on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology with Special Emphasis on Antimicrobial Activities

Nanotechnology has significant promise in treating microbial diseases by providing precise therapy that targets a broad spectrum of pathogens. Additionally, it plays a pivotal part in the advancement of microbial detection systems, facilitating expedited and precise microbiological diagnoses. The review covers a variety of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) and different antimicrobial mechanisms that have been explored, with a focus on maintaining scientific rigor in the study. This study also offers significant insights into the synthesis techniques of nanoparticles and the antimicrobial processes investigated, while effectively balancing conciseness and comprehensiveness. Investigated antimicrobial mechanisms include the rupture of bacterial cell membranes, production of reactive oxygen species, and suppression of vital cellular activities. Nanotechnology-produced antimicrobial coatings have shown potential in inhibiting bacterial colonization and decreasing device-associated infections in implanted devices. In addition, nanotechnology-based methods enhance wound healing by enabling the regulated release of medicinal substances and stimulating the regeneration of tissue. This review recognizes the limits and obstacles found in current research while also noting the considerable accomplishments in this subject. These factors include the need for standardized methods of characterizing nanoparticles, enhanced comprehension of nanoparticle toxicity, and comprehensive evaluation of long-term impacts. Examining these constraints enhances the scientific rigor of the analysis.