Nanoparticles in CNS Therapeutics: Pioneering Drug Delivery Advancements

Introduction The incidence of Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and malignancies, has risen significantly in recent decades, contributing to millions of deaths annually. Efficacious treatment of these disorders requires medicines targeting the brain. The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) poses a formidable challenge to effective drug delivery to the brain, hindering progress in CNS therapeutics. This review explores the latest developments in nanoparticulate carriers, highlighting their potential to overcome BBB limitations.Objective This study aimed to evaluate and summarise the critical factors and pathways in the nanoparticle-based central nervous system's targeted drug delivery.Methods An extensive literature search was conducted, comprising the initial development of nanoparticle-based central nervous system-targeted drug delivery approaches to the latest advancements using various online search tools.Results The properties of nanoparticles, such as type of nanoparticles, size, shape, surface charge, hydrophobicity, and surface functionalisation, along with properties of the blood-brain barrier during normal and pathological conditions and their impact on the delivery of nanoparticles across the BBB, are identified and discussed here.Conclusion Important properties and pathways that determine the penetration of nanoparticles across the central nervous system are reviewed in this article, along with recent advances in the field.