Mapping vortex-induced forces of oscillating bluff bodies from subcritical to critical Reynolds numbers

We conduct experimental investigations on vortex-induced forces of an oscillating bluff body across subcritical to critical Reynolds (Re) number regimes, and reveal variations in different hydrodynamic components versus Re, thereby addressing a gap in understanding at high Re. Specifically, the drag crisis cannot be mitigated by vibration, the excitation force is sensitive to both Re and vibration parameters, and the sensitivity of added mass coefficient to vibration decreases at high Re. We confirm that current prediction theory at lower Re are not applicable to the full-scale one, underscoring the necessity of Re effects on hydrodynamic inputs.