A Review on High-Speed Wavefront Shaping System

Optical scattering induced by microscopic inhomogeneities in the refractive index poses a remarkable challenge to achieve optical focusing inside deep biological tissues. The wavefront shaping technique is emerging as a promising solution to this challenge because optical focusing is achieved through scattering media by compensating phase delays among different scattering paths. The effectiveness of this technique relies on the deterministic design of the scattering medium because even minor changes in scatterers can disrupt phase compensation, thereby resulting in degraded focus quality or complete loss of focus. However, practical applications often involve dynamic scattering processes. For example, physiological activities in living organisms, such as blood flow, heartbeat, and breathing, induce dynamic scattering processes. Consequently, enhancing the modulation speed of the wavefront shaping system is crucial to ensure successful operation in biomedical applications involving live tissues. To address this challenge, this review offers a comprehensive introduction to the state of high-speed wavefront shaping systems, outlines future directions for optimizing system speed, analyzes potential applications in biomedical science, and provides a prospective outlook on the future development of wavefront shaping.