Effects of tropical cyclone intensity on spatial footprints of storm surges: an idealized numerical experiment

Storm surges caused by tropical cyclones (TCs) have long ranked first among all types of marine disasters in casualties and economic losses, and can lead to further regional exacerbation of consequences stemming from these losses along different coastlines. Understanding the spatial footprints of storm surges is thus highly important for developing effective risk management and protection plans. To this end, we designed an ideal storm surge model based on Finite Volume Community Ocean Model to explore the relationship between TC intensity and the spatial footprint of storm surges, and its intrinsic mechanism. The spatial footprints of both positive and negative storm surges were positively correlated with TC intensity; however, the latter was more sensitive to the intensity when the TC intensity is weaker than CAT3 TC's. The average positive storm surge footprint of CAT1 was 574 km, with CAT3 and CAT5 increasing by 6% and 25%, respectively, compared to CAT1. The average spatial footprint of the negative storm surge of CAT1 was 1407 km, with CAT3 and CAT5 increasing by 18% and 29%, respectively, compared to CAT1. The decomposition and mechanism analysis of the storm surge show that the main contributing component of the total surge at the south end of the storm's landfall and during the time of the forerunner was the Ekman surge, whereas the contribution of the normal surge component to the north and during the time of the main surge and resurgence was dominant. In addition, not all the spatial footprints of the storm surge components increased with the TC intensity, as the total surge did, similar to the Ekman surge. These quantitative analyses and intrinsic mechanisms provide a theoretical basis for predicting and evaluating storm surge risks.