Integrated assessment of salinity intrusion and water scarcity in Ben Tre, Mekong Delta: implications for sustainable livelihoods and adaptive water management

The Mekong Delta in Vietnam, a pivotal agricultural region, is currently grappling with significant challenges due to saline intrusion and water scarcity. Exacerbated by climate change and anthropogenic factors, these issues pose a dire threat to the livelihoods of millions of farmers. This study focuses on Ben Tre Province, situated at the heart of the Mekong Delta, to comprehensively assess the extent and repercussions of saline intrusion and water scarcity. Employing methodologies such as water quality monitoring and field surveys across nine districts and cities within the province, this research provides a detailed understanding of these critical issues. Our findings indicate that salinity levels at numerous water supply points have exceeded safe thresholds, with levels reaching up to 4,500 mg/L, leading to a serious risk of water shortage. Particularly in coastal districts, the Water Scarcity Index (WSI) suggests that over 50% of the area faces high to extremely high water scarcity risks. From the 161 survey responses, it was revealed that 73% of the respondents experienced a significant decrease in crop yields due to increased salinity, and 68% reported economic losses exceeding 30% of their annual income. The study also reveals significant instability in the livelihoods of local farmers, adversely affected by the increasing salinity levels. In light of these findings, the study proposes appropriate and effective strategies to mitigate water scarcity and enhance the sustainability of local livelihoods. These include promoting alternative livelihood models, strengthening community linkages, and implementing salinity-contaminated water treatment systems. By providing a comprehensive analysis and practical solutions, this study aims to contribute to the sustainable development and adaptive water management strategies essential for the Ben Tre community.