Investigate the effect of co-doping on the grain size and diffuse phase transition of barium titanate ceramics

An investigation examined the impact of co-doping BaTiO3 3 ceramics with La3+ 3+ and Nd3+ 3+ on their microstructural, dielectric, and phase transition properties. The synthesis of BaTiO3 3 with co-doping of La3+ 3+ and Nd3+, 3+ , using the general formula Ba1-x(La1/3, 1-x (La 1/3 , Nd1/3)xTiO3 1/3 ) x TiO 3 (BLNdTx) with varying concentrations of x (0%, 2%, 4%, and 8%), is achieved by the solid-state reaction technique. A temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity investigation was conducted at four distinct frequencies (1 kHz, 10 kHz, 100 kHz, 500 kHz, and 1 MHz) within the 30-200 degrees C temperature range. The findings indicate that the samples show a diffuse phase transition and a noticeable divergence from the typical Curie-Weiss equation. The diffuseness parameters gamma for phase transition rose from 1.15 to 1.75 as x grew from 0 to 8%, respectively. The concurrent impact of surface phenomena, mechanical stress phenomena, and the external effect of grain boundaries might explain the substantial size reduction. An in-depth understanding of the grain size effect and its underlying mechanism would be advantageous for advancing and practically using BaTiO3-based 3-based ceramics and other ferroelectrics.