The role of global value chains for worker tasks and wage inequality

This paper studies the relationship between global value chain (GVC) participation, worker-level routine task intensity (RTI) and wage inequality within countries. Using survey data from 34 countries and instrumenting for GVC participation, we find that higher GVC participation contributes to higher wage inequality in high-income countries and lower wage inequality in middle- and low-income countries. We distinguish between two opposite-working channels. First, participation in GVCs directly reduces wage inequality, suppressing wages in offshorable occupations that tend to earn above the country-specific median, and increasing wages of non-offshorable occupations. Second, it indirectly widens within-country wage inequality by increasing the gap in RTI, which is negatively associated with wages, between offshorable and non-offshorable occupations. The direct effect prevails in most low- and middle-income countries that receive offshored jobs, and the indirect effect prevails in high-income countries that offshore jobs.