Characterization of emetic Bacillus cereus biofilm formation and cereulide production in biofilm

Bacillus cereus is a well-known foodborne pathogen that can cause human diseases, including vomiting caused by emetic toxin, cereulide, requiring 10(5)-10(8) cells per gram to cause the disease. The bacterial cells may be eliminated during processing, but cereulide can survive in most processing techniques due to its resistance to high temperatures, extreme pH and proteolytic enzymes. Herein, we reported dynamic processes of biofilm formation of four different types and cereulide production within the biofilm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images revealed that biofilms of the four different types reach each stage at different time points. Among the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) components of the four biofilms formed by the emetic B. cereus F4810/ 72 strain, proteins account for the majority. In addition, there are significant differences (p < 0.05) in the EPS components at the same stage among biofilms of different types. The time point at which cereulide was first detected in the four types of biofilms was 24 h. In the biofilm of B. cereus formed in ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk, the first peak of cereulide appeared at 72 h. The cereulide content of the biofilms formed in BHI was mostly higher than that of the biofilms formed in UHT milk. This study contributes to a better understanding of food safety issues in the industry caused by biofilm and cereulide toxin produced by B. cereus.