E-money, risk-sharing, and welfare

We develop a micro-founded monetary model to inquire the role of a privately provided e-money instrument for household consumption smoothing and welfare. Different from fiat money, e-money users pay electronic transaction fees, but in turn e-money reduces their spatial separation frictions and enables risk-sharing through remittance transfers. We characterize the profit maximizing e-money transaction fees charged by a monopolist technology provider and the optimality of price regulation. Calibrating the model for the context of Kenya's e-money product M-Pesa shows that the introduction of M-Pesa through a monopolist increases aggregate welfare by 1.0%, while regulating e-money prices and fully eliminating the monopoly power of the technology provider raises the aggregate welfare only by 0.1% beyond what is achieved through the monopolist.